{"id":10936,"date":"2021-06-10T13:32:41","date_gmt":"2021-06-10T12:32:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/path-perinatal.eu\/uk\/?post_type=professionals&#038;p=10936"},"modified":"2021-10-22T11:16:24","modified_gmt":"2021-10-22T10:16:24","slug":"impact-on-child-development","status":"publish","type":"professionals","link":"https:\/\/path-perinatal.eu\/uk\/professionals\/impact-on-child-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Impact on child development"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section id=\"gm0d526ab\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m3 section-gm0d526ab gutentor-module gutentor-container-cover has-color-bg has-custom-bg\"><div class=\"grid-container\">\n<div id=\"section-geb5369\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-geb5369 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h3 class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>Mental illness in the perinatal period can have a significant effect on the parent-infant relationship resulting in longer term consequences for all areas of the child\u2019s development <sup>1<\/sup>.<\/strong><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-default\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g452110\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g452110 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h3 class=\"gutentor-text\">There is strong evidence that pre and postnatal stress, particularly chronic maternal stress may: <\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g5105c2\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e7 section-g5105c2 gutentor-element gutentor-element-list\"><ul class=\"grid-row gutentor-grid-item-wrap list-indicator-icon\"><li class=\"gutentor-list-item grid-lg-12 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-0\"><span class=\"gutentor-list-item-wrap g-s-list-wrap\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-list-item-icon\"><i class=\"list-item-icon fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"gutentor-list-item\"><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Delay foetal nervous system maturation<\/p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"gutentor-list-item grid-lg-12 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-1\"><span class=\"gutentor-list-item-wrap g-s-list-wrap\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-list-item-icon\"><i class=\"list-item-icon fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"gutentor-list-item\"><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Restrict the neuromuscular development and alter the stress response of the neonate<\/p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"gutentor-list-item grid-lg-12 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-2\"><span class=\"gutentor-list-item-wrap g-s-list-wrap\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-list-item-icon\"><i class=\"list-item-icon fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"gutentor-list-item\"><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Impair mental development<\/p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"gutentor-list-item grid-lg-12 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-3\"><span class=\"gutentor-list-item-wrap g-s-list-wrap\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-list-item-icon\"><i class=\"list-item-icon fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"gutentor-list-item\"><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Increase fearful behaviour in the infant<\/p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"gutentor-list-item grid-lg-12 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-4\"><span class=\"gutentor-list-item-wrap g-s-list-wrap\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-list-item-icon\"><i class=\"list-item-icon fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"gutentor-list-item\"><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Reduce grey matter in children<\/p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"gutentor-list-item grid-lg-12 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-5\"><span class=\"gutentor-list-item-wrap g-s-list-wrap\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-list-item-icon\"><i class=\"list-item-icon fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"gutentor-list-item\"><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Increase the risk for emotional and cognitive impairment<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-default\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-gb73d78\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-gb73d78 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>Research indicates that <a href=\"https:\/\/path-perinatal.eu\/uk\/professionals\/supporting-fathers\/\" data-type=\"professionals\" data-id=\"10928\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">depression in fathers in the postnatal period<\/span><\/a> is also associated with increased risk of some adverse child development outcomes <sup>3<\/sup>.<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"gm8dbd150\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m3 section-gm8dbd150 gutentor-module gutentor-container-cover has-color-bg has-custom-bg\"><div class=\"grid-container\">\n<section id=\"gmf986868\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m4 section-gmf986868 gutentor-module gutentor-advanced-columns gutentor-equal-column-height\"><div class=\"grid-container gutentor-rm-ct-space-d gutentor-rm-ct-space-t gutentor-rm-ct-space\"><div class=\"grid-row\">\n<div id=\"col-gm10b31a\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m4-col col-gm10b31a gutentor-single-column  grid-lg-2 grid-md-12 grid-12 centre\"><div id=\"section-gm10b31a\" class=\"section-gm10b31a gutentor-col-wrap\">\n<div id=\"section-g07bf56\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g07bf56 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">The study of <strong>epigenetics<\/strong> gives insight into the importance of good maternal mental health for creating a healthy in-utero environment that shapes the life course of the infant.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background has-white-background-color has-white-color is-style-default\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g61a927\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g61a927 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text white_link\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9AfBsTAQ8zs\">Watch the video Epigenetics; What Makes Us Who We Are?<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"col-gm67f987\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m4-col col-gm67f987 gutentor-single-column  grid-lg-10 grid-md-12 grid-12 centre\"><div id=\"section-gm67f987\" class=\"section-gm67f987 gutentor-col-wrap\">\n<section id=\"gm45dbf18\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m3 section-gm45dbf18 gutentor-module gutentor-container-cover centre\"><div class=\"grid-container gutentor-rm-ct-space-d gutentor-rm-ct-space-t gutentor-rm-ct-space\">\n<section id=\"gmd9a8395\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m4 section-gmd9a8395 gutentor-module gutentor-advanced-columns\"><div class=\"grid-container gutentor-rm-ct-space-d gutentor-rm-ct-space-t gutentor-rm-ct-space\"><div class=\"grid-row gutentor-rm-row-space-d gutentor-rm-row-space-t gutentor-rm-row-space\">\n<div id=\"col-gma4fecd\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m4-col col-gma4fecd gutentor-single-column  grid-lg-1 grid-md-1 grid-1 gutentor-rm-col-space-d gutentor-rm-col-space-t gutentor-rm-col-space\"><div id=\"section-gma4fecd\" class=\"section-gma4fecd gutentor-col-wrap\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"col-gm029cd9\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m4-col col-gm029cd9 gutentor-single-column  grid-lg-10 grid-md-10 grid-10 gutentor-rm-col-space-d gutentor-rm-col-space-t gutentor-rm-col-space\"><div id=\"section-gm029cd9\" class=\"section-gm029cd9 gutentor-col-wrap\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Epigenetics: What Makes Us Who We Are? - Begin Before Birth\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9AfBsTAQ8zs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"col-gmfa53e4\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m4-col col-gmfa53e4 gutentor-single-column  grid-lg-1 grid-md-1 grid-1 gutentor-rm-col-space-d gutentor-rm-col-space-t gutentor-rm-col-space\"><div id=\"section-gmfa53e4\" class=\"section-gmfa53e4 gutentor-col-wrap\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"gm8bd7b52\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m3 section-gm8bd7b52 gutentor-module gutentor-container-cover has-color-bg has-custom-bg\"><div class=\"grid-container\">\n<div id=\"section-g8c0358\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g8c0358 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h3 class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong><strong>Obstetric consequences of perinatal mental illness (PMI)<br><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-default\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-ge09e66\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-ge09e66 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Preterm labour and low birth weight for gestational age are the most common outcomes associated with antenatal stress or anxiety<sup>4 5<\/sup>.<br><br>Some serious mental illnesses like <a href=\"https:\/\/path-perinatal.eu\/uk\/professionals\/schizophrenia\/\" data-type=\"professionals\" data-id=\"592\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">schizophrenia<\/span><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/path-perinatal.eu\/uk\/professionals\/bipolar-affective-disorder\/\" data-type=\"professionals\" data-id=\"10985\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">bipolar disorder<\/span><\/a> may have additional risk of poorer outcomes including placental abnormalities (placental abruption; placenta praevia) and stillbirth<sup>6<\/sup>.<br><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g326573\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g326573 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">There can be challenges in assessing and identifying PMI in the antenatal period as many physical symptoms overlap with symptoms associated with PMI and need careful exploration by practitioners.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"gm02f4be0\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m3 section-gm02f4be0 gutentor-module gutentor-container-cover has-color-bg has-custom-bg\"><div class=\"grid-container\">\n<div id=\"section-ge5617d\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-ge5617d gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>Pregnancy provides a critical window to detect and treat PMI at the earliest opportunity, maximising the opportunity for good outcomes for the child across the life-course.<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g824a49\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g824a49 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h3 class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Developing mental wellbeing in infancy<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"gmc060b1f\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m3 section-gmc060b1f gutentor-module gutentor-container-cover\"><div class=\"grid-container gutentor-rm-ct-space-d gutentor-rm-ct-space-t gutentor-rm-ct-space\">\n<div id=\"section-geac0fe\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-geac0fe gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">In order to thrive emotionally, an infant needs to:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g712383\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e7 section-g712383 gutentor-element gutentor-element-list\"><ul class=\"grid-row gutentor-grid-item-wrap list-indicator-icon\"><li class=\"gutentor-list-item grid-lg-12 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-0\"><span class=\"gutentor-list-item-wrap g-s-list-wrap\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-list-item-icon\"><i class=\"list-item-icon fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"gutentor-list-item\"><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Experience, regulate and express emotions<\/p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"gutentor-list-item grid-lg-12 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-1\"><span class=\"gutentor-list-item-wrap g-s-list-wrap\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-list-item-icon\"><i class=\"list-item-icon fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"gutentor-list-item\"><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Form a secure attachment<\/p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"gutentor-list-item grid-lg-12 grid-md-12 grid-12\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-item gutentor-single-item-2\"><span class=\"gutentor-list-item-wrap g-s-list-wrap\"><span class=\"gutentor-single-list-item-icon\"><i class=\"list-item-icon fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"gutentor-list-item\"><p class=\"gutentor-single-item-title\">Explore the environment and learn<\/p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"gma8a2220\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m3 section-gma8a2220 gutentor-module gutentor-container-cover\"><div class=\"grid-container gutentor-rm-ct-space-d gutentor-rm-ct-space-t gutentor-rm-ct-space\">\n<div id=\"section-ga2e788\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-ga2e788 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">PMI can affect a parent\u2019s ability to care for and develop a predictable relationship with their baby that enables them to achieve these key tasks.<br><br>Infants may demonstrate stress and anxiety as a result, manifesting as poor sleep patterns, feeding difficulties, restlessness and gastric disturbances.<br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/developingchild.harvard.edu\/resources\/toxic-stress-derails-healthy-development\/\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">The Harvard Center on the Developing Child<\/span><\/a> highlights how frequent or prolonged activation of the body\u2019s stress system can result in structural and physiological changes to the infant\u2019s functioning that can impact on their development.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"gm8a3cb5b\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m3 section-gm8a3cb5b gutentor-module gutentor-container-cover has-color-bg has-custom-bg\"><div class=\"grid-container\">\n<div id=\"section-gc661fd\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-gc661fd gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h3 class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>Intergenerational factors<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-default\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g0317df\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g0317df gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Anxiety has been found to have high levels of intergenerational transmission<sup>7 8<\/sup>.<br>It is important for practitioners to remain mindful of factors such as childhood abuse or trauma that may be associated with PMI, taking into account the potential experience and impact of trauma during the perinatal period.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g734616\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g734616 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Research into <a href=\"https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/A-good-practice-guide-to-support-implementation-of-trauma-informed-care-in-the-perinatal-period-February-2021.pdf\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Adverse Childhood Experiences<\/span><\/a> (ACEs) can support sensitive enquiry into a parent\u2019s history and improve awareness of how parental experiences have influenced their perceptions, feelings and coping behaviours.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g11dfc1\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g11dfc1 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Trauma-informed approaches in the antenatal period changes the narrative from<br>\u2018What\u2019s wrong with you?<br>To\u2026<br>\u2018What happened to you?\u2019<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-ge2330c\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-ge2330c gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">For further information see this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/A-good-practice-guide-to-support-implementation-of-trauma-informed-care-in-the-perinatal-period-February-2021.pdf\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">good practice guide<\/span><\/a><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\"> <\/span>to implementing trauma-informed care<span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"gm4aec4bd\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m3 section-gm4aec4bd gutentor-module gutentor-container-cover has-color-bg has-custom-bg\"><div class=\"grid-container\">\n<div id=\"section-g1c6c53\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g1c6c53 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>It is important to note that the majority of children will not be adversely affected by parental PMI and that sensitive, consistent and responsive caregiving can significantly moderate any risk<sup>9<\/sup><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g63666c\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g63666c gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h3 class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>Protective factors<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-default\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-gc6b774\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-gc6b774 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Fathers\u2019 involvement in their children\u2019s lives has consistently shown to improve child outcomes<sup>10<\/sup> including better attachment, fewer behavioural problems, improved language, cognitive and social skills.<br>See <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fatherhoodinstitute.org\/2014\/fi-research-summary-fathers-and-attachment\/\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Research Summary<\/span><\/a> from the Fatherhood Institute.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g1c92b1\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g1c92b1 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Positive couple relationships are associated with lower levels of stress and positive mental wellbeing for both parents. \u2018Thinking Family\u2019 can help ensure positive outcomes for all.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g9b272a\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g9b272a gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">There is growing evidence that the first 1001 days, from conception to birth are crucially important. Addressing adversity AND supporting early relationships are important in giving children the best possible start in life. <br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/parentinfantfoundation.org.uk\/1001-days\/resources\/infographics\/\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">View some infographics about the first 1001 days<\/span><\/a><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\"> <\/span>on the Parent and Infant Foundation website.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"gm27411a4\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-m3 section-gm27411a4 gutentor-module gutentor-container-cover has-color-bg has-custom-bg\"><div class=\"grid-container\">\n<div id=\"section-g609cbd\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g609cbd gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h3 class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong><strong>References<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-default\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-gef905d\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-gef905d gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text centre\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">1. Glover, V. and Barlow, Jane (2014) Psychological adversity in pregnancy : what works to improve outcomes? Journal of Children&#8217;s Services, 9 (2). pp. 96-108.<br>&nbsp;<br>2.Sandman, C.A., Davis, E.P, Buss, C. &amp; Glynn, L.M., (2011) Prenatal Programming of Human Neurological Function. International Journal of Peptides, vol. 2011. Available at: 1.usa.gov\/1YlK8bU<br>&nbsp;<br>3. Sethna, V., Murray, L., Edmondson, O., Iles, J., Ramchandani, P. (2018) Depression and playfulness in fathers and young infants: A matched design comparison study. Journal of Affective Disorders. Volume 229, 15 March 2018, Pages 364- 370<br>&nbsp;<br>4. Lou, H. C., Nordentoft, M., Jensen, F., et al (1992) Psychosocial stress and severe prematurity. Lancet. 340, 54<br>&nbsp;<br>5. Lou, H.C., Hansen, D., Nordentoft, M., et al (1994) Prenatal stressors of human life affect fetal brain development. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 36, 826-832.<br>Lou, H. C., Nordentoft, M., Jensen, F., et al (1992) Psychosocial stress and severe prematurity. Lancet. 340, 54.<br>&nbsp;<br>6. Webb, R., Abel, K., Pickles, A. and Appleby, L., (2005) Mortality in Offspring of Parents With Psychotic Disorders: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 162(6), 1045-56.<br>&nbsp;<br>7. Grant, A., McMahon C., Austin, P. et al (2009) Maternal prenatal anxiety, postnatal caregiving and infants\u2019 cortisol responses to the still-face procedure. Dev Psychobiol. 51(8), 625\u2013637.<br>&nbsp;<br>8. Bowers, M &amp; Yehuda, R. (2016) Intergenerational Transmission of Stress in Humans<br>&nbsp;<br>9. Grant, A., McMahon C., Austin, P. et al (2009) Maternal prenatal anxiety, postnatal caregiving and infants\u2019 cortisol responses to the still-face procedure. Dev Psychobiol. 51(8), 625\u2013637.<br>&nbsp;<br>10. Sarkadi, A., Kristiansson, R., Oberklaid, F., &amp; Bremberg, S. (2008) Fathers\u2019 involvement and children\u2019s developmental outcomes: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Acta Paediatrica. 97(2): 153\u2013158.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-10936","professionals","type-professionals","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/path-perinatal.eu\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/professionals\/10936","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/path-perinatal.eu\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/professionals"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/path-perinatal.eu\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/professionals"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/path-perinatal.eu\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10936"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}